Doulos is found in several documents of Greek antiquity. It appears
in Herodotus (5th century B.C.), the inscriptions, the papyri, Philo,
Josephus, etc.
Doulos occurs more than 300 times in the Septuagint. It occurs
124 times in the Greek New Testament. Doulos is a theologically
significant word. The Hebrew word 'ebed is a close correspondent to
doulos. 'Ebed carries a range of meaning such as servant, official,
slave. The Greek doulos literally means slave, one who is "owned
property totally and unquestionably at the behest of the owner."
(Concise Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament,
F. W. Danker, page 101)
In ancient society slaves were sometimes captives of war.
(Deut. 20:10-18); sometimes foreigners who were bought and sold.
(Lev. 25:44-46); others were sold into slavery because they
defaulted on debts they owed. (Ex. 21:2-4; Deut. 15:12;
1 Sam. 22:3); others were acquired as a gift. (Gen. 29:24).
Non-Hebrew slaves could be passed on from one generation to
the next. (Lev. 25:44-46). Others could become slaves by birth.
(Ex. 21:4; Lev. 25:54)
In the N.T. doulos is sometimes used literally. (Eph. 6:5; Col. 4:1;
Philemon 16) The term is also used metaphorically to describe a
person who is under total obligation to surrender his will to the Lord
Christ. The person becomes the property of the deity. He has been
"immersed into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the
Holy Spirit." (Mat. 28:19)
On this basis, "Paul is a slave of Jesus Christ." (Rom. 1:1)
Believers generally are slaves "of obedience that leads to righteousness."
(Rom. 6:16) The apostles were slaves of Christians for the sake of
Jesus. (2 Cor. 4:5) Paul's helpers were slaves of Christ Jesus. (Phil. 1:1)
James identifies himself as "a slave of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ."
(Jas. 1:1) Peter was "a slave and apostle of Jesus Christ." (2 Pet. 1:1)
Jude was "a slave of Jesus Christ." (Jude 1). John the apostle was the
Lord's slave. (Rev. 1:1) The apostles and all believers in the apostolic
age were not averse to being known as slaves. They considered servility
to be a privilege!
Most English translations of the scriptures have been reluctant to use
the word slave in such contexts. They have opted for the more palatable
word "servant." The Holman Christian Standard Bible has broken
away from tradition in this regard. It correctly interprets doulos to mean
"slave."
RD
Copyright 2011
in Herodotus (5th century B.C.), the inscriptions, the papyri, Philo,
Josephus, etc.
Doulos occurs more than 300 times in the Septuagint. It occurs
124 times in the Greek New Testament. Doulos is a theologically
significant word. The Hebrew word 'ebed is a close correspondent to
doulos. 'Ebed carries a range of meaning such as servant, official,
slave. The Greek doulos literally means slave, one who is "owned
property totally and unquestionably at the behest of the owner."
(Concise Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament,
F. W. Danker, page 101)
In ancient society slaves were sometimes captives of war.
(Deut. 20:10-18); sometimes foreigners who were bought and sold.
(Lev. 25:44-46); others were sold into slavery because they
defaulted on debts they owed. (Ex. 21:2-4; Deut. 15:12;
1 Sam. 22:3); others were acquired as a gift. (Gen. 29:24).
Non-Hebrew slaves could be passed on from one generation to
the next. (Lev. 25:44-46). Others could become slaves by birth.
(Ex. 21:4; Lev. 25:54)
In the N.T. doulos is sometimes used literally. (Eph. 6:5; Col. 4:1;
Philemon 16) The term is also used metaphorically to describe a
person who is under total obligation to surrender his will to the Lord
Christ. The person becomes the property of the deity. He has been
"immersed into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the
Holy Spirit." (Mat. 28:19)
On this basis, "Paul is a slave of Jesus Christ." (Rom. 1:1)
Believers generally are slaves "of obedience that leads to righteousness."
(Rom. 6:16) The apostles were slaves of Christians for the sake of
Jesus. (2 Cor. 4:5) Paul's helpers were slaves of Christ Jesus. (Phil. 1:1)
James identifies himself as "a slave of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ."
(Jas. 1:1) Peter was "a slave and apostle of Jesus Christ." (2 Pet. 1:1)
Jude was "a slave of Jesus Christ." (Jude 1). John the apostle was the
Lord's slave. (Rev. 1:1) The apostles and all believers in the apostolic
age were not averse to being known as slaves. They considered servility
to be a privilege!
Most English translations of the scriptures have been reluctant to use
the word slave in such contexts. They have opted for the more palatable
word "servant." The Holman Christian Standard Bible has broken
away from tradition in this regard. It correctly interprets doulos to mean
"slave."
RD
Copyright 2011
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